Types of Engineers

1-Electrical Engineering:Electrical engineering is the application of the laws of physics governing electricity, magnetism, and light to develop new technologies to help humankind.Applications in electrical power systems, complex digital systems for computers, control systems, robots, remote sensing and measurement systems.
2-Computer Engineering:It is a combination of software and and electrical engineering.Involves mainframes and microcomputers, distributed and parallel processing, languages, computational theory, wireless and mobile computing, data mining, and the mathematical structure.
3-Mechanical Engineering:The oldest field of engineering since it deals with the design of mechanical sytems including team and gas turbine power plants, automobiles, cooling systems for mechanical and electronic systems, and manufacturing processes.
4-Civil Engineering:A type of engineering that focuses on the design of structures for various purposes, primarily transportation.
5-Environmental Engineering: The application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment and provide a healthy water,air and land for human habitation and for other organisms.
6-Biomedical Engineering: involves the devices of devices that are intended to be used in medicine.Biomedical engineers design everything from mechanical prosthetic limbs and synthetic organs to advanced wheelchairs.
7-Chemical Engineering: involves studying the way atoms and molecules interact and react with the help of physical science and mathematics.
8-Aerospace Engineering: Includes design and production of aircraft, spacecraft, aerospace equipment, satellites and missiles.
9-Agricultural Engineering: The engineers who apply engineering science and technology to agricultural production and processing, and to the management of natural resources.
10-Metallurgy and Materials Engineering: This area deals with the development and production of metallic elements and their applications.
11-Mining Engineering: Involves many of other engineering disciplines as applied to extracting and processing minerals from a naturally occurring environment.
12-Petroleum Engineering: Deals with the production of hydrocarbons which can be either crude oil or gas.
13-Molecular biology and Genetic Engineering: It is concerned with the molecular cloning and transformation.
14-Industrial Engineering: a branch of engineering that concerns the development, improvement, implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, material and process.Industrial engineers are concerned with the management side of operations not the machinery side.Industrial engineers are given a broad background in electricity, computers, mechanics, and economics.Thus, while other types of engineers works in specific areas, industrial engineers can work in every field.Also since industrial engineers are responsible of increasing the efficiency of workplace they can make other engineers work more efficiently and productive.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering
http://www.nativeaccess.com/types/manag_industrial.html
http://www.uta.edu/engineering/discovereng/
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_various_types_of_engineering
http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=285
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering#Main_Branches_of_Engineering

What Do Engineers Do?

Engineers apply the theories and principles of science and mathematics to economical solution of pratical technical problems and they design all kinds of functional systems, products and services for modern living by applying a combination of mathematical, scientific and engineering fundamentals.Engineers solve problems and get things better , more efficiently and cheap.Engineers ensure that the products they manufacture are of the highest quality and meet safety standards.Engineering managers are distinguished from other managers by the fact that they possess both an ability to apply engineering principles as well as being able to organize, plan and manage technical projects.
In addition engineers not only contribute to modern technology but also to other fields including architecture, the global environment and medicine.

http://appsci.queensu.ca/prospective/engineering/info/
http://www.eng.nus.edu.sg/ugrad/prospective/engdo.html
http://www.teachingtools.com/Slinky/engineers.html

Engineering as a Proffesion

Engineering is a profession that provides people both mathematical and natural knowledge in order to have a control over materials and natural forces to facilitate our lives.Thus , by being an expert on these areas, engineers creates machines ,structures and processes. They should generate several solutions according to their knowledge and experiences. Therefore by discretion and judgement they reach optimum solutions.In addition they must be aware of their responsibilities since any kind of product can affect society.Consequently an engineer must be sure that the positive effects of a product overweights its hazards and it is good for people.

Origins of Engineering and Beginning of Engineering Education

From the earliest days of universities in the Middle Ages, proffesional schools have been associated with institutions of higher education. These schools provided training and education according to the needs of society. Those days, subjects were mainly about medicine.
As society's needs progress , some other subjects qualified for participation in university environment,including engineering. First, military engineers came up as the first engineers by the government in order to build up roads,bridges and fortifications.Then the term "civil engineering" entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.
As the other types of engineering appeared , universities began to give engineering education to their students.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering#History
http://www.seas.ucla.edu/hsseas/history/origin.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_education

Preference

If I were one of those scientists, I would prefer to be Henry Ford.The reason that influences me about him is his magnificent works about cars. Other scientist were mainly focused on improving the efficiency in the workplace by doing some researches on worker's psychology or how they work. Unlike them , Henry Ford mostly worked on designing cars or other vehicles that facilitates life and made distances even closer for all people from every class. He used assembly lines and and Ford Company sold millions of cars in a few decades. Thus, he is one of the scientists I have admired most...

GlLBRETHS

Gilbreths (Frank Bunker Gilbreth-Lillian Evelyn Gilbreth) were one of the great husband-and-wife teams of science engineering.They developed the method of time-and-motion study.This technique aimed to improve the workers efficiency and their outputs in the workplace.

Frank Gilbreth developed brick-laying system in the construction trade. He observed that every workers developed their own ways to work that no two of them used the same methods.These observations led him to seek one best way to perform tasks.

Although their study with time motion looks very similar to Frederick Taylor's time studies on scientific management, in fact there is much difference between them. While Taylor's methods are mostly on how the workers be paid or division of labor and strengthened role of management, Gilbreth's methods were mainly giving attention to eliminating the unneeded steps when doing a task.Thus Gilbreth reduced the necessary hand motions into 18 basic combinations which was named "therbligs".
Therblig means some set of fundamental motions to perform a required task and it contains;
Search,Find,Select,Grasp,HoldPosition,Assemble,UseDisassemble,Inspect,Transport loaded, transport unloaded, Pre-position for next operation, Release load, Unavoidable delay, Avoidable delay, Plan ,Rest to overcome fatigue.
After Frank Gilbreth's death, Dr. Lillian Gilbreth continued the work and extended it into the home in an effort to find the "one best way" to perform household tasks. She has also worked in the area of assistance to the handicaped, as, for instance, her design of an ideal kitchen layout for the person afflicted with heart disease. She is widely recognized as one of the world's great industrial and management engineers and has traveled and worked in many countries of the world.
Resources:
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036817/Frank-Bunker-Gilbreth
http://www.telelavoro.rassegna.it/fad/socorg03/l2/frank%20and%20lillian%20gilbreth.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9442362/Lillian-Evelyn-Gilbreth

Max Weber

Maximillian Carl Emil Weber was a german political economist and sociologist who was considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration along with Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim.He is best known for his thesis of "Protestant Ethic" relating Protestanism and capitalism and for his ideas on bureaucracy.

Weber's early work was related to industrial sociology, but he is most famous for his later work on the sociology religion and sociology of government.

Weber's work on the sociology of religion started with the essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism which is his famous work and continued with the analysis of The religion of China:Confucianism and Taoism, The Religion of India: The sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, and Ancient Judaism.
In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, he tried to prove that ethical and religious ideas were strong influences on the development of capitalism.After defining the spirit of capitalism, Weber argues that there are many reasons to find out its origins in the religious ideas of the Reformation.
Weber proposed a four types of "Ideal Behaviour":zweckrational (goal-oriented), wertrational (value-oriented), affektual (guided by emotion) and traditional (guided by custom or habit).

Weber's other main contribution to economics (as well as to social sciences in general) is his work on methodology: his theories of "Vestehen" (known as understanding or Interpretive Sociology) and of antipositivism(known as humanistic sociology).Furthermore, his work on economic history of Roman agrarian society(his 1891 habilitiation) , the dual roles of idealism and materialism in the history of capitalism in his Economy and Society (1914) and his thoroughly researched General Economic History (1923) were some of his studies on Economics.

Resources:
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076388/Max-Weber
http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/weber.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_weber

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Harold Maslow was born as the eldest of seven children in Broklyn in 1908.
He is an American phsychologist and philosopher , best known for his self-actualization theory of psychology which argued that the primary goal of psychotherapy should be the integration of the self.

One of the many interesting things Maslow noticed while he worked with monkeys early in his career, was that some needs take precedence over others. For example, if you are hungry and thirsty, you need to satisy your thirst first. After all, you can do without food for weeks, but you can only do without water for a couple of days.Thirst is a “stronger” need than hunger. Likewise, if if we compare thirsty and breath ,the need of breath comes first. On the other hand, sex is less powerful than any of these.
He developed Hierarchy of needs model. He seperated the needs other than air, water, food and sex such as the physiological needs, the needs for safety and security, the needs for love and belonging, the needs for esteem, and the need to actualize the self respectively.

1. The physiological needs:Contains basic needs such as air, water, food,sleep,sex.

2. The safety and security needs:People become increasingly interested in finding safe circumstances, stability, protection.and they might develop a need for structure, for order, some limits.

3. The love and belonging needs: After that people begin to feel the need for friends, a sweetheart, children even a sense of community.Looked at negatively, you become increasing susceptible to loneliness and social anxieties

4. The esteem needs: The need for self-esteem and need of having a healthy self-respect.

All of the preceding four levels he calls deficit needs, or D-needs. If you don’t have enough of something -- you have a deficit -- you feel the need. But if you get all you need, you feel nothing at all. In other words, they cease to be motivating.

5.Self-actualization:People who have everything can maximize their potential.They can seek knowledge,peace,esthetic experiences,self-fulfillment ,oneness with God...

Limitations of This Model
1-People do not work according to these steps.They have more complicated ways to satisfy their needs.
2-Difference of anything can effect the implementation of this hierarchy.
3-Some other needs are also significant such as need for achievement...

Resources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9051264/Abraham-H-Maslow
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576342/Maslow.html
http://www.12manage.com/methods_maslow_hierarchy_needs.html
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html

Henry Fayol

Henry Fayol (1841–1925) was the French pioneer of management theory.Fayol believed management theories could be developed, then taught. His theories were published in a monograph titled General and Industrial Management (1916). This book offers the first theory of general management and statement of management principles.
His theorising about administration was built on personal observation and experience of what worked well in terms of organisation.

Fayol synthesised various principles of organisation and management and Taylor on work methods, measurement and simplification to secure efficiencies. Both referenced functional specialisation.
Both Fayol and Taylor were arguing that principles existed which all organisations - in order to operate and be administered efficiently - could implement. This type of assertion shows a one best way approach to management thinking.
Fayol's five functions are still relevant to discussion today about management roles and action.

1. to forecast and plan - prevoyance:examine the future and make plans of action
2. to organise:build up the structure, material and human of the undertaking
3. to command:maintain activity among the personnel
4. to co-ordinate:bind together, unify and harmonise activity and effort
5. to control:see that everything occurs comfortably with policy and practise

Fayol also synthesised 14 principles for organisational design and effective administration.These are;

1. Specialization of labour: Specializing helps people to improve their skills and develop improvements in methods.
2. Authority: The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience.
3. Discipline: The workers should obey and show respect to the organization.
4. Unity of command:Each employee has one and only one boss.
5. Unity of direction: A single mind creates a single plan and all play their part in that plan.
6. Subordination of Individual Interests: At work nothing should be thought rather than work.
   
7. Remuneration: Payment is an important motivator , so it must be fair in order to keep both the employees and employers satisfied.
   
8. Centralization:Consolidation of management functions:Employer gives the orders.
   
9. Chain of Superiors (line of authority):There is a hierarcy that commands are given from top to bottom.
   
10. Order: All materials and personnel have their own stable places and they must remain there.
11. Equity: Equality of treatment (but not necessarily identical treatment)
12. Personnel Tenure: Limited turnover of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers.
13. Initiative: Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen.
14. Esprit de corps: Here Fayol emphasises the need for building and maintaining of harmony among the work force , team work and sound interpersonal relationships.

Resources
www.12manage.com/methods_fayol_14_principles_of_management.html
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fayol
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_762505611/fayol_henri.html
www.hrmguide.co.uk/history/classical_organization_theory_modified.htm

Division of Labor Assembly Line-Mass Production

Division of labour is the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output.Historically the growth a complex division of labour is associated with the growth of trade, the rise of capitalism, and of the complexity of industrilization processes. Later, the division of labour reached the level of a scientifically-based management practice with the time and motion studies associated with Taylorism.
Assembly line is industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of workpieces in mass-production operations.The assembly line concept is a process developing depending on logic. The best known form of the assembly line, the moving assembly line, was made by Ford Motor Company between 1908 and 1913, became famous in the following decade by the social ramifications of mass production.Ford was the first company to build large factories around the concept.

An automotive assembly line starts with a bare chassis. Components are attached as the growing assemblage moves along a conveyor. Parts are matched into subassemblies on feeder lines that intersect the main line to deliver exterior and interior parts, engines, and other assemblies. As the units move, each worker along the line installs every part.Various assemblies are on the line simultaneously, but a complex system of scheduling decides the appropriate body type and colour, trim, engine, and optional equipment together to make the desired combinations.
Automated assembly lines consist entirely of machines run by machines, with little or no human supervision.Many products, however, are still assembled by hand because many component parts are not easily handled by machines. Expensive and inflexible, automatic assembly machines are economical only if they produce a high level of output. However, the development of adaptable machinery and industrial robots have improved the efficiency of fully automated assembly operations.
Mass production is application of the principles of specialization, division of labour, and standardization of parts to the manufacture of goods. Mass production methods are based on two general principles:
1-The division ond specialization of human labour,
2-The use of tools, machinery, and other equipment, usually automated, in the production of standard, identical parts and products.

Mass production systems are usually organized into assembly lines. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are heavy, hung from an overhead monorail.

Technological changes in manufacturing practices, such as mass production and the assembly line, increased the production of goods by standardizing productive operations.Mass production made technology affordable to the middle class. Many of the devices that became commonplace had been developed before the war but had been unaffordable to most people.


Kaynaklar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labor
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009928/assembly-line
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106304/mass-production
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line

Henry Ford

American industrialist who revolutionized factory production with his assembly-line methods.
Henry Ford, born July 30, 1863, was the first of William and Mary Ford's six children.
In 1879, Ford left home for the nearby city of Detroit to work as an apprentice machinist,. He remained an apprentice for three years and then returned to Dearborn.

In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company , and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893 , he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines. These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle named the Ford Quadricycle.Although Ford was not the first to build a self-propelled vehicle with a gasoline engine, he was, however, one of several automotive pioneers who helped this country become a nation of motorists.Also in 1896 , Ford attended a meeting of Edison executives.After encouraged by Edison's approval, Ford designed and built a second vehicle, which was completed in 1896.

After two unsuccessful attempts to establish a company to manufacture automobiles,Henry Ford became the vice-president and chief engineer of Ford Motor Company in 1903. The infant company produced only a few cars a day at the Ford factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit. Groups of two or three men worked on each car from components made to order by other companies.

Model T was produced in 1908. It was easy to operate, maintain, and handle on rough roads, immediately becoming a huge success.In the 19 years of the Model T's existence, he sold 15,500,000 of the cars in the United States, almost 1,000,000 more in Canada, and 250,000 in Great Britain, a production which is total amounting to half the auto output of the world. The motor age became the ordinary man's utility rather than as the rich man's luxury. Once only the rich had travelled freely around the country; now millions could go wherever they pleased. The Model T was the chief instrument of one of the greatest and most rapid changes in the lives of the common people in history, and it effected this change in less than two decades.

By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model Ts. To meet the growing demand for the Model T, the company opened a large factory at Highland Park, Michigan, in 1910. Henry Ford combined precision manufacturing, standardized and interchangeable parts, a division of labor, and, in 1913, a continuous moving assembly line. Workers remained in place, adding one component to each automobile as it moved on the line. Delivery of parts by conveyor belt to the workers was carefully timed to keep the assembly line moving efficiently. The introduction of the moving assembly line revolutionized automobile production by significantly reducing assembly time per vehicle, thus lowering costs. Ford's production of Model Ts made his company the largest automobile manufacturer in the world.

Ford's success in making the automobile a basic necessity turned out to be but a prelude to a more widespread revolution. The development of mass-production techniques, which enabled the company to produce a Model T every 24 seconds; the frequent reductions in the price of the car made possible by economies of scale; and the payment of a living wage that raised workers above subsistence and made them potential customers for, among other things.

By the mid-1920s, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition.By 1926 Henry was convinced to make a new model . Henry pursued the project with a great deal of technical expertise in design of the engine, chassis, and other mechanical necessities, while leaving the body design to his son. Edsel also managed to prevail over his father's initial objections in the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission.
The result was the successful introduced Ford Model A in December 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of more than 4 million.
Resources

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blford.htm
http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/ford.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109415/Henry-Ford

http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/hf/

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Frederick Winslow Taylor, American inventor and engineer who is known as the father of scientific management. His system of industrial management has influenced the development modern industry . He was born in 1856 in Philadelphia as a son of a wealthy family.

In 1881, at 25, he introduced time study at the Midvale plant. Essentially, Taylor suggested that production efficiency in a shop or factory could be enhanced by close observation of the individual worker and elimination of waste time and motion in his operation.
In 1884, Taylor became the chief engineer at Midvale and completed the design and construction of a novel machine shop. Taylor might have enjoyed a brilliant full-time career as an inventor—he had more than 40 patents to his credit—but his interest in what was soon called scientific management led him to resign his post at Midvale and to become general manager of the Manufacturing Investment Company (1890–93). He served a long list of prominent firms ending with the Bethelem Steel Corporation while at Bethlehem, he developed high-speed steel and performed notable experiments in shoveling and pig-iron handling.

Taylor retired at age 45 but continued to devote time and money to promote the principles of scientific management through lectures at universities and professional societies. From 1904 to 1914, with his wife and three adopted children, Taylor lived in Philadelphia. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers elected him president in 1906. Many of his influential publications first appeared in the Transactions of that society, namely, “Notes on Belting” (1894); “A Piece-rate System” (1895); “Shop Management” (1903); and “On the Art of Cutting Metals” (1906). The Principles of Scientific Management was published commercially in 1911. Taylor's scientific management also, known as "Taylorism",Taylor Principles,is consisted of four principles:
1-Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.
2-Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves
3-Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250).
4-Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.

Drawbacks of Scientific Management

While scientific management principles improved productivity and had a subtantial impact on industry,they also increased the monotony of work.The core job dimensions of skill variety,task identity,task significance,autonomy and feedback all were missing from the picture of sicentific management.
While the new ways of working were accepted by the workers in many cases, in some cases the were not. Using stopwatches was protested issue and led to a strike at one factory where "Taylorism" was being tested.Complaints that Taylorism was dehumanizing led to an investigation by the United States Congress. Although it has many opponents, scientific management changed how the work was done, and some forms of it are in use today.

Kaynaklar:
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9071464/Frederick-W-Taylor
http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/scientific/
http://sozluk.sourtimes.org/show.asp?t=frederick+winslow+taylor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor
http://www.stevens.edu/ses/about_soe/history/frederick_winslow_taylor.html